It’s a family or class of a Machine Learning, Deep learning is an aspect of artificial intelligence that is concerned with emulating the learning approach that human beings use to gain certain types of knowledge. At its simplest, deep learning can be thought of as a way to automate predictive analytics.
Fig 1: Overview of deep learning
Where it is used?
- Because deep learning models process information in ways similar to the human brain, models can be applied to many tasks people do. Deep learning is currently used in most common image recognitiontools, NLP processing and speech recognition software. These tools are starting to appear in applications as diverse as self-driving cars and language translation services.
- Deep learning is a key technology behind driverless cars, enabling them to recognize a stop sign, or to distinguish a pedestrian from a lamppost. It is the key to voice control in consumer devices like phones, tablets, TVs, and hands-free speakers. Deep learning is getting lots of attention lately and for good reason. It’s achieving results that were not possible before.
Deep learning applications
- Automated Driving: Automotive researchers are using deep learning to automatically detect objects such as stop signs and traffic lights. In addition, deep learning is used to detect pedestrians, which helps decrease accidents.
- Aerospace and Defence: Deep learning is used to identify objects from satellites that locate areas of interest, and identify safe or unsafe zones for troops.
- Medical Research: Cancer researchers are using deep learning to automatically detect cancer cells. Teams at UCLA built an advanced microscope that yields a high-dimensional data set used to train a deep learning application to accurately identify cancer cells.
- Industrial Automation: Deep learning is helping to improve worker safety around heavy machinery by automatically detecting when people or objects are within an unsafe distance of machines.
- Electronics: Deep learning is being used in automated hearing and speech translation. For example, home assistance devices that respond to your voice and know your preferences are powered by deep learning applications.
How it is used?
In deep learning, a computer model learns to perform classification tasks directly from images, text, or sound. Deep learning models can achieve state-of-the-art accuracy, sometimes exceeding human-level performance. Models are trained by using a large set of labelled data and neural network architectures that contain many layers.
There are two main reasons it has only recently become useful:
- Deep learning requires large amounts of labelled data. For example, driverless car development requires millions of images and thousands of hours of video.
- Deep learning requires substantial computing power. High-performance GPUs have a parallel architecture that is efficient for deep learning. When combined with clusters or cloud computing, this enables development teams to reduce training time for a deep learning network from weeks to hours or less.
Deep Neural Networks
What is a neural network?
Neural networks are a set of algorithms, modelled loosely after the human brain, that are designed to recognize patterns. They interpret sensory data through a kind of machine perception, labelling or clustering raw input.
Fig 2: Architecture of ANN
Most deep learning methods use neural network architectures, which is why deep learning models are often referred to as deep neural networks. The term “deep” usually refers to the number of hidden layers in the neural network. Traditional neural networks only contain 2-3 hidden layers, while deep networks can have as many as 150.Deep learning models are trained by using large sets of labelled data and neural network architectures that learn features directly from the data without the need for manual feature extraction.
How does a neural network work?
Artificial Neural Networks work on the basis of the structure and functions of a human brain. A human brain consists of neurons that process and transmit information between them. There are dendrites that receive inputs. Based on these inputs, they produce an output through an axon to another neuron.
A typical neural network has anything from a few dozen to hundreds, thousands, or even millions of artificial neurons called units arranged in a series of layers, each of which connects to the layers on either side. Some of them, known as input units, are designed to receive various forms of information from the outside world that the network will attempt to learn about, recognize, or otherwise process. Other units sit on the opposite side of the network and signal how it responds to the information it’s learned; those are known as output units. In between the input units and output units are one or more layers of hidden units, which, together, form the majority of the artificial brain. Most neural networks are fully connected, which means each hidden unit and each output unit is connected to every unit in the layers either side. The connections between one unit and another are represented by a number called a weight, which can be either positive (if one unit excites another) or negative (if one unit suppresses or inhibits another). The higher the weight, the more influence one unit has on another. (This corresponds to the way actual brain cells trigger one another across tiny gaps called synapses.)
TYPES OF NEURAL NETWORK
Artificial neural networks are computational models which work similar to the functioning of a human nervous system. There are several kinds of artificial neural networks. These type of networks are implemented based on the mathematical operations and a set of parameters required to determine the output. Let’s name few of the neural networks: